The Reason Behind Criminal Sentencing Essay Example for Free

The Reason Behind Criminal Sentencing Essay When someone commits a crime and they are caught and convicted they receive some type of punishment through the process of sentencing. The three main reasons for criminal sentencing are punishment, crime reduction and reparation. Some types of sentencing may contain things to help with deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation and retribution of the convicted criminal. When someone is found guilty of committing a crime a court of law must decide what the punishment will be. The eighth amendment to our constitution prevents some one from receiving â€Å"cruel or unusual punishment† which means that someone found guilty of robbery can not receive the death penalty or that the punishment must fit the crime. Punishment may come in the form of serving time in a jail or prison. The length of time will depend on the type of crime committed and how serious the offense was. Someone who deprives another person of property is not going to receive the same amount of time as someone who intentionally kills someone. A convicted criminal may also be subjected to probation or some other types of things as part of being released out into society again. These are meant as a type of prevention tool to help a criminal not reoffend in the future. When people who are convicted of crimes receive some type of punishment it is hoped that it will reduce the rate of crime in an area or city. It is assumed that when others see and hear about a person being punished for doing a crime they might stop and think before they commit a crime themselves. Punishment can also come in the form of reparation which is often in the form of money being paid by the criminal to the victim. In certain cases community service can be imposed on a criminal in place of money or jail time or can be added as part of a way to be released early. When it comes to deterrence there are two types specific and general. Specific deterrence is meant to scare the offender enough to prevent them from committing crime in the future. General deterrence is meant to scare society by teaching them a lesson and showing those in society what can and will happen if you commit a crime. http://www.uslaw.com/us_law_article.php?a=249

International Business Essay -- essays research papers

Today’s world of rapid increase in and expansion of technology is the reasons for recent International Business growth. The rapid growth in international business makes an understanding of organizational behavior all the more important for contemporary managers. Businesses have expanded internationally to increase their market share, as the domestic markets were too small to sustain growth. Business transactions are also becoming increasing blurred across national boundaries. Companies engage in international business to expand sales, acquire resources, diversify their sources of sales and supplies, and minimize competitive risk. When operating abroad, companies may have to adjust their usual methods of carrying on business. This is because foreign conditions often dictate a more appropriate method and because the operating modes used for international business differ somewhat from those used on a domestic level. In many ways, then, we are becoming a truly global economy. No longer will a firm be able to insulate it from foreign competitors or opportunities. International business usually takes place in more diverse external environments than found domestically. Businesses worldwide are no longer going International but expanding globally. This fast occurring global expansion of businesses all over the world has been given a new term, it is called international business. As human beings, we encounter risk every day of our lives. As a manager, risk becomes even more importan...

Medical Pluralism Essay

Despite being very different countries, Africa and Australia share a phenomenon termed medical pluralism. This form of health care is indeed pluralistic as it â€Å"consists of the totality of medical subsystems that coexist in a cooperative or competitive relationship with one another† (Baer 2004, p. 109). Although medical pluralism is not recent by any means, it is still used differently in various cultures around the globe. This essay will first describe the array of healthcare strategies that form different cultures’ pluralistic health care systems and how these cultures choose which path to take. As well, both the advantages and disadvantages to this approach will be explored through select case studies. Finally, a glimpse of issues regarding the future of medical pluralism in Australia will be looked at. According to both Baer (2004) and Quinlain (2011), anthropologists divide treatment options into three categories: the professional sector, the popular sector, and the folk sector. The professional sector, or rather biomedicine or even western medicine, includes those that obtain formal training. This form of treatment was established in the 1900’s based on scientific reasoning with an emphasis on pathogens. Even though biomedicine has become more dominant over the other categories in industrialized societies with large bureaucracies and legal systems (Quinlain 2011, p. 394), popular medicine, or natural medicine has been around for the past 10,000 years (Schwager 2012). Approximately 70-90% of health care takes place in popular medicine, making it the most commonly used (Quinlain 2011, p. 394). This broad range of treatment can take on the form of special diets, over the counter drugs, herbs and other home remedies. Popular medicine is different than that of the folk sector, which includes those individuals that obtain talents, information passed down from ancestors and special training. Baer (2004) asserts that the different medical systems are placed into a hierarchy based on class, caste, racial, ethnic, regional, religious, and gender distinctions, where biomedicine is the most prestigious and folk medicine is the least. However, in some cultures around the world, the treatment option can be based on convenience, accessibility, religious views, and knowledge of home remedies. In the case of a man named Shosi in Kenya, as explained by Beckerleg (1994), a number of therapy choices were available, but the Islamic movement and economic change created restrictions. Locals were lead to reject treatments of those who offer sorcery. Shosi instead exhausted medical pluralism until he found a treatment that worked for his severe fever. He first started with home remedies, then moved to poorly understood drugs of western medicine but only found relief through a local Halali Sunna leader that practiced a form of folk medicine using plant materials. Fortunately for Shosi, he had different medical treatment options available to him. Since biomedicine is practiced more in western society, those in places like Kenya and Africa do not always understand the scientific background of it. This has a negative consequence on medical pluralism as two treatment options can contradict each other. A situation in Cameroon, Africa reflected this scenario. Medical doctors informed patients that their diabetes was a life sentence, but patients had false hope when the indigenous healers assured their diabetes could be cured. Awah and Phillimore (2008) described a situation in Cameroon of a patient with previously diagnosed diabetes that sought treatment at a local clinic for what she thought was typhoid. She told the doctor her diabetes was already treated and cured so she stopped taking the prescribed medication. There was a mutual frustration since â€Å"she believed the doctor was ignoring her real health problems, while he could not get her to accept that her symptoms were a consequence of her poorly managed diabetes† (Awah and Phillimore 2008, p. 485). Thus, this approach of medical pluralism led to a conflict with different medicines. Another example of a repercussion from using medical pluralism was seen in Tanzania. Kamat (2009, p. 54) wrote a case study describing how a woman named Fatumas took her daughter to see the local Zaramo healer. She informed the doctor that her daughter has been crying constantly throughout the night and waking up convulsing for which he prescribed medicine for. However, she failed to tell him that she was giving her daughter over the counter drugs for a fever. With her misunderstanding, these two symptoms were actually signs of the same illness, which required a single treatment, rather than the two different ones. Kamat (2009, p. 55) described, â€Å"In her pragmatic quest for therapy, Fatuma had routinely combined elements from diverse and even contradictory medical traditions. Fatuma thought she was dealing with two different illnesses†. Although there were these few cases where medical pluralism did not work to one’s advantage, there are cases where using different medical treatments is advantageous such as the previously described situation of Shosi and also in Papua New Guinea. Here, medical treatment is at a lower cost than the local traditional healers since it receives funds from the government (Macintyre et al. 2005). Many locals first visit the local clinic, but in some cases need to resort to the local healers. The healer called Motkel successfully provides treatment in her village by using traditional herbal medications alongside biomedical treatment. Motkel works with cranial trepanation, a standard form of treatment in Papua New Guinea. She also believes that by alleviating symptoms and healing patients her work is analogous to medical doctors. This form of pluralism seems to work for the locals, even though it may not in other areas of the world. As previously stated, many people rely on natural medicine. That being said, natural medicine is a large part of the medical industry as 57% of the 150 drugs on the market contain at least one plant product (Schwager 2012). However, at the time Schwager’s article was published, a group of Australian doctors and scientists were fighting to remove alternative medicine degrees from the local universities. They declared that, â€Å"alternative medicines are making Australia look bad and trashing the universities reputation† (Schwager 2012). However, this could just be the next attempt to persuade the public in to choosing biomedicine over natural medicine. Natural medicine still fights to prove it is not â€Å"quackery† despite being the most popular treatment in the world. Medical treatments vary around the globe, but are still shaped around the three categories of professional, folk and popular medicine that when used in conjunction, create what is termed medical pluralism. This broad term helps us understand health care systems and health care seeking behaviours within specific cultural contexts. The process of seeking medical treatment depends on the availability, convenience, and religious views amongst other factors in each culture. In some cultures this approach of medical pluralism works to one’s advantage, but in others, can have various consequences as seen through each example provided in this essay. Biomedicine shows dominance over popular medicine and continues to test the ladder that is still widely practiced. Popular medicine, however, still stays part of the pluralistic setting.

Effects of Columbian Exchange Essay - 820 Words

The Effects of the Columbian Exchange It was the year 1492, and a man by the name of Christopher Columbus set sail from Spain where he then landed in the present day Americas, sparking one of the most important events in the world, the Columbian exchange. The Columbian exchange has shaped the world to what it is today with the exchange of goods from the Old World to the New World, and vice versa. The Columbian exchange caused numerous short and long-term effects in the Americas and many other parts of the world. The short-term effects of the Columbian exchange included the outbreak of disease, which led to a sudden drop in the population of the indigenous peoples. In the beginning of the sixteenth century Spanish and Portuguese†¦show more content†¦The foods that were brought back to the Old World such as, potatoes and corn proved a vital and necessary resource to the Europeans. Another short-term effect of the Columbian exchange was the migration of African slaves to the Americas. The majority of the Africans that were enslaved were caught in village raids or were war captives. They were caught by other Africans and sold to the European slave traders for money and other prized possessions. For slaves, the voyage known as the Middle Passage was a terrifying and perilous journey, with a death rate potentially as high as 50%. The long-term effects of the Columbian exchange included the swap of food, crops, and animals between the New World and Old World, and the start of the transoceanic trade. In order to produce a profit, Portuguese explorers were the first to established sugar cane plantations in Brazil. They then sold this crop to the Old World where it was a popular commodity because it provided Europeans with a sweetener for foods. In addition, European produce was brought to the New World, including â€Å"†¦wheat, vines, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens†¦ Where they sharply increased supplies of food and animal energy .† This fusion of crops between the Old and New World became fundamental in enhancing the diets and food of both populations. The trading routes, created by the desire from both the New and Old World for exotic foods and animals,Show MoreRelatedEffects Of The Columbian Exchange912 Words   |  4 PagesThe biggest exchange that has ever happened in the world was beginning to form from Christopher Columbus’s findings and Pope Alexander’s grant of approval of colonization of Spain over the New World. As it became known as the Columbian Exchange in honor of Columbus, it was the exchange of different plants, animals, microbes, and people across the Atlantic Ocean to the New and Old Worlds. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella sent out many explorers to the New World which caused both positive and negativeRead MorePositive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange703 Words   |  3 Pagesthe time period known as the Columbian Exchange. Most of what the Europeans took from the Exchange was good, but some of what they brought was devastating to the people in the New World. Although, this time period was very b rutal for the Native Americans, the Columbian Exchange resulted in the transmitting of new technologies, an increase in remedies and cures for diseases, and a growth in resources such as food that helped to improve life. During the Columbian Exchange there were civilizations thatRead MoreThe Positive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange1051 Words   |  5 PagesThe Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of plants, animals, human populations, diseases, cultures, and ideas throughout the world. The new worlds that had been discovered were a part of this Columbian Exchange, and were exposed to many new and foreign goods as well as people. The Americas, or New World, were faced with harsh treatment from Columbus and his crew, along with the rampant spread of new diseases that took a large toll on the Native populations. The Indies were alsoRead MoreEffects Of The Columbian Exchange1121 Words   |  5 PagesThe Columbian Exchange is often looked at and thought of for all of the good things it brought, like the exchange of animals, plants, and food between the Old World and the New World. But the Columbian Exchange also included the transfer of diseases between Europe and the Americas.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Old World diseases were transferred European sailors to Native Americans. The diseases played at least as big of role in defeating the Native Americans as advanced weaponry did (Craig). In the first 20 years afterRead MoreThe Positive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe term â€Å"Columbian Exchange† refers to the massive transfer of life between the Afro-Eurasian and American hemispheres that was precipitated by Columbus’ voyage to the New World . It was known as the widespread interchange of plants, animals, diseases, culture, human populations and technology between Europe and the Americas. After Columbus’ arrival to the Americas, the plant, animal and bacterial life began to mix between the Americas, which was also referred to as the â€Å"New World† and Europe,Read MoreNegative Effects Of The Columbian Exchange1498 Words   |  6 Pagesin starting the Columbian exchange. The Columbian exchange was the process of the New World and the Old World transferring ideas, plants, animals, culture, human populations, and manufactured goods across the Atlantic Ocean throughout the 15th and the 16th century. Even though there were many positive results out of the exchange including the finding of the Americas, new plant and animal species, and the Europeans gaining more land to grow their Old-World crops, the overall effects were negative.Read MorePositive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange837 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange had many effects on the world we know and live in today. There are many views on whether these effects were a positive or negative impact on us. The exchange brought diseases and slavery, but it also brought new technologies and culture. Throughout history there have been conquerors and conquered, the Americas are no different. Though the impact on the natives was unpleasant, I believe the Columbian Exchange was a positive event for the New World because it brought technologicalRead MoreThe Term Effects Of The Columbian Exchange On The Old World712 Words   |  3 Pagesthink of the Columbian Exchange they remember all of the great things such as the exchange of goods that we cherish today. Things such as crops, ideas, and animals between the Old World(Afro-Eurasia) and the New World(The Americas) that helped to cultivate the world we live in today.But at what price did this diffusion of goods cost? Although the Columbian Exchange brought the goods we value today such as animals, plants, and the exchange of ideas, It would also bring long term effects of worse natureRead MoreEssay on Positive and Negative Effects of the Columbian Exchange788 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough Columbuss revelation of the New World to the Old World caused deadly diseases to both hemispheres, a loss of preservation of native American culture in the New World, and the unhealthy effect of tobacco in the Old World, it made an overall positive impact in lasting terms by the introduction of religion and horses and cattle in the New World and the new agriculture advancements and alpacas. The Eastern-Western hemisphere encounter was obviously positive in the Western hemisphere becauseRead More The Lasting Effects of the Columbian Exchange During the Age of Discovery1815 Words   |  8 PagesThe Lasting Effects of the Columbian Exchange During the Age of Discovery It should no longer come as any great surprise that Columbus was not the first to discover the Americas--Carthaginians, Vikings, and even St. Brendan may have set foot on the Western Hemisphere long before Columbus crossed the Atlantic. But none of these incidental contacts made the impact that Columbus did. Columbus and company were bound to bring more than the benefits of Christianity and double entry bookkeeping to